Application of sound waves in technology

Application of sound waves in technology

Sonar:
Sonar stands for SOund NAvigation Ranging. Sonar is used in navigation, forecasting weather, and for tracking aircraft, ships, submarines, and missiles. Sonar devices work by bouncing sound waves off objects to determine their location. A sonar unit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a receiver. On boats, the receiver is mounted on the bottom of the ship. To measure water depth, for instance, the transmitter sends out a short pulse of sound, and later, the receiver picks up the reflected sound. The water depth is determined from the time elapsed between the emission of the ultrasonic sound and the reception of its reflection off the sea-floor. In the diagram below, a ship sends out ultrasonic waves (green) in order to detect schools of fish swimming beneath. The waves reflect off the fish (white), and return to the ship where they are detected and the depth of the fish is determined.

Radar

Radar is an object-detection system which uses electromagnetic waves— specifically radio waves — to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish, or antenna, transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

Temperature Convertor

Temperature Convertor

My project is “Temperature Convertor”



This project is to convert temperature degrees from Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit and Kelvin. It is useful for us to know the different values of temperature.

I used two thermometer, one numeric control, one multiply sine , two plus sine, and three numeric constant.
I entered the formulas (Degrees Celsius *1.8 + 32= Degrees Fahrenheit) And another formula (Degrees Celsius + 273 = Kelvin).

Electronic motion detector

An Electronic motion detector contains a motion sensor that transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal. This can be achieved by measuring optical or acoustical changes in the field of view. Most motion detectors can detect up to50-80 feet.
A motion detector may be connected to a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service after it detects motion. Such a detector may also trigger a red light camera.
An occupancy sensor is a motion detector that is integrated with a timing device. It senses when motion has stopped for a specified time period in order to trigger a light extinguishing signal. These devices prevent illumination of unoccupied spaces like public toilets.


There are basically three types of sensors used in motion detectors spectrum:
1-Passive infrared sensors (PIR)
Looks for body heat. No energy is emitted from the sensor.
2-Ultrasonic (active)
Sensor sends out pulses and measures the reflection off a moving object.
3-Microwave (active)
Sensor sends out microwave pulses and measures the reflection off a moving object. Similar to a police radar gun.
Many modern motion detectors use a combination of different technologies. These dual-technology detectors benefit with each type of sensor, and false alarms are reduced. All companies have the option to use PIR/Microwave Motion Detectors that have "Pet-Immune" functions which allow the detector to ignore pets that weigh up to 80 pounds. Placement of the sensors can be strategically mounted so as to lessen the chance of pets errantly activating alarms.
Often, PIR technology will be paired with another model to maximize accuracy and reduce energy usage. PIR draws less energy than microwave detection, and so many sensors are calibrated so that when the PIR sensor is tripped, it activates a microwave sensor. If the latter also picks up an intruder, then the alarm is sounded. As interior motion detectors do not ‘see’ through windows or walls, motion-sensitive outdoor lighting is often recommended to enhance comprehensive efforts to protect your property.
False alarms are those usually caused by technical errors such as electrical and mechanical failures. Nuisance alarms are system activations not commonly caused by attackers or inturders but rather from wind blown debris, animals, insects and foliage.
Sequencing alarm systems to trip the alert mechanism only when both alarm sensors have been activated will reduce nuisance alarms, but may also cause the probability of detection to decrease.